INTRODUCTION

Sleep is considered one of the basic human needs, essential for maintaining energy, good appearance, and physical health (Garcia et al., 2016). Health depends not only on healthy eating and exercise, but also on adequate, regular sleep, and timely waking, which the body and soul need to continue living a healthy life (Zakeri, 2022). Sleep disorders, including frequent nighttime awakenings, late bedtimes, and prolonged but poor-quality sleep, are debilitating conditions that can impact the quality of life and education of students (Mohamadpoor, 2016). Medical students often experience a heavier workload and higher levels of stress during certain stages of their education, compared to other academic groups. As a result, they are more susceptible to sleep problems. This study aimed to examine the correlation between temperament and sleep quality among female medical students residing in the dormitory at Arak University of Medical Sciences in Arak, Iran.

METHODS
This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 120 female medical students living in the dormitory of Arak University of Medical Science. After obtaining informed consent from the participants, necessary explanations were provided, and information was collected through the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire, a demographic questionnaire, and a Temperament Questionnaire developed by Dr. Mojahedi. To describe quantitative data, mean and standard deviation were used, and for qualitative data, frequency and percentage were used. The data was then analyzed using the Chi-square test in the SPSS statistical software.

RESULTS
The average age of the participants was 21/78±2/34. According to the results, 24.2% of the participants had a temperate-dry temperament, 6.7% had warm-humid, cold-humid and cold-dry temperaments, 21.7% had a temperate-temperate temperament, 5.8% had a warm-temperate temperament, 8.3% had a cold-temperate temperament, 16.7% had a temperate-humid temperament, and finally, 3.3% had a warm-dry temperament. The highest frequency distribution of temperament was related to the temperate-dry type, and the lowest frequency distribution was for the warm-dry temperament.
In terms of the relationship between temperament type and the individual's overall description of sleep quality, the majority of students with temperate-dry, warm-humid, temperate-temperate, warm-temperate, cold-temperate, temperate-humid, and cold-dry temperaments reported mild problems in their sleep quality. However, the majority of students with warm and dry temperaments described their sleep disturbance as severe. In terms of the relationship between temperament type and delay in falling asleep among female students, it was found that the majority of students with temperate-dry, temperate-temperate, warm-temperate, cold-humid, and cold-dry temperaments experienced a delay in falling asleep for 16-30 min. Nevertheless, the majority of students with a temperate-humid temperament had a shorter delay of less than 15 min. It is noteworthy that students with a warm-dry temperament had the longest delay in falling asleep, with a majority experiencing a delay of more than 60 min.
In terms of the relationship between temperament type and the duration of useful sleep in female students, the majority of students with warm-humid, temperate-temperate, cold-temperate, temperate-humid, and warm-dry temperaments reported a useful sleep duration of 6-7 h. The majority of students with temperate-dry, cold-humid, and temperate-humid temperaments had a useful sleep duration of more than 7 h. The majority of students with hot and moderate temperaments had a useful sleep duration of 5-6 h.
In terms of the relationship between temperament type and sleep adequacy among female students, it was found that the majority of students with temperate-dry, warm-humid, temperate-temperate, warm-temperate, cold-temperate, cold-humid, temperate-humid, cold-dry, and warm-dry temperaments reported having more than 85% sleep adequacy. In terms of the relationship between temperament type and sleep disorders in female students, it has been found that sleep disorders occur less than once a week in the majority of students with temperate-dry, warm-humid, temperate-temperate, warm-temperate, cold-temperate, cold-humid, temperate-humid, cold-dry, and warm-dry temperaments.
The chi-square test did not show a statistically significant difference between temperament type and sleep quality, duration of useful sleep, sleep adequacy, sleep disorders, amount of sleeping medication used, morning performance, and sleep disorders across all educational level students (p > 0.05). The chi-square test showed a statistically significant difference between temperament type and delay in falling asleep (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION
In line with the current study, Shayesteh et al. (2018) conducted a study to examine insomnia and related disorders from the perspective of Iranian traditional medicine scholars. The aforementioned library study involved searching through both old texts and current databases to compare sleep and related disorders from the perspectives of modern and ancient medicine. Their findings revealed that adequate sleep is influenced by factors, such as the seasonal temperament and humidity levels, moderate physical activity, proper digestion, elimination of toxins, and effective management of emotional symptoms.
Results of the present study showed that the type of temperament does not affect the occurrence of sleep disorder, which is a disease and a bad temperament. According to a prior study, while treating this sleep disorder in people with different temperaments, one should pay attention to seasonal temperaments and improve the quality of life by addressing the essentials, including movement and stillness, mental and psychological status, nutrition suited to the temperament of the individual, vomiting and retention, and the environment.
According to the findings of this study, the temperament of female students does not have a significant effect on sleep quality as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; however, it may lead to a delay in falling asleep and sleep onset.

Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
This research has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences with the number IR.ARAKMU.REC.1403.233.

Funding
There is no funding support.

Authors' Contributions
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work

Conflict of Interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the people who provided scientific consulting in this paper.