Response of Oxidative Stress Indices to Jujube Fruit Supplementation along with Endurance Exercise after a Session of Intense Exercise in Inactive Women

Assistant Professor, Exercise Physiology Department, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran

Master’s Student, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran

* Corresponding author: Omid Mohammaddoost, Exercise Physiology Department, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. Email: Mo.omid@ped.usb.ac.ir

DOI: 10.22034/cmja.15.4.290

Received: 15 January 2025 | Accepted: 07 February 2026

How to Cite This Article: Mohammaddoost O, Madadi Jaberi M, Moghadam Eftekhari S. Response of Oxidative Stress Indices to Jujube Fruit Supplementation along with Endurance Exercise after a Session of Intense Exercise in Inactive Women. Complement Med J. 2026;15(4):290–300. DOI: 10.22034/cmja.15.4.290

Abstract

Introduction and Objective: Intense physical activity can damage cellular structures and may increase resting oxidative-stress indicators, reflecting impaired cell-membrane function. Creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and blood lactate are relevant indicators of muscle damage and metabolic response. This study investigated the effects of eight weeks of jujube-fruit supplementation, endurance training, and their combination on these indicators in inactive women following an intense exercise session.

Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental study used a pre-test/post-test design. Forty healthy, inactive female students from the University of Sistan and Baluchestan were purposefully recruited after written informed consent and randomly allocated to four groups (n=10 each): endurance training plus jujube, endurance training, jujube, and control/placebo. Participants in the jujube groups consumed 0.4 g of jujube per kilogram of body weight daily, divided between morning and evening, for eight weeks. The training groups exercised three days per week. Sessions included a 10-minute warm-up and 30 minutes of treadmill exercise at 55–75% of heart-rate reserve, progressing from 50% during weeks 1–2 to 75% during weeks 7–8. An intense exercise test was performed before and after the intervention. Blood was sampled before and after the test. CK and LDH were measured by optical spectroscopy, MDA by spectrophotometry, and blood lactate using a lactometer. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 25 using Shapiro–Wilk, one-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc comparisons, and paired t-tests; p<0.05 was considered significant.

Results: Body weight and BMI did not differ significantly over the eight-week program (p=0.12), whereas time to exhaustion changed significantly (p=0.01). Resting blood lactate decreased significantly in the endurance-training, combined-intervention, and jujube-only groups compared with baseline (p=0.03, p=0.00, and p=0.01, respectively). CK, LDH, and MDA did not change significantly from pre-test values. After the intervention, blood lactate differed significantly among the four groups (p=0.02). Tukey comparisons indicated differences between each intervention group (groups 1, 2, and 3) and the control group (p<0.05), while the other pairwise comparisons were not significant (p>0.05). Between-group differences were not significant for LDH (p=0.37), MDA (p=0.11), or CK (p=0.06).

Conclusion: Eight weeks of endurance training and/or jujube consumption were associated with changes in blood-lactate responses, with the combined intervention showing a greater effect after intense exercise than either intervention alone. The program did not produce significant changes in CK, LDH, or MDA. Endurance training may therefore not have altered cell-membrane function as reflected by these markers, while jujube consumption may have helped limit potential oxidative-stress-related membrane damage. Further research is needed to confirm these findings.

Keywords: Blood lactate; Creatine kinase; Endurance training; Jujube fruit; Intense activity; Inactive women; Lactate dehydrogenase; Malondialdehyde

Introduction and Objective

Intense physical activity damages cellular structures, especially in muscle tissue [1]. Free radicals can damage tissues through oxidative mechanisms, inactivating enzymes and damaging nucleic acids, proteins, and lipid membranes [1]. Reactive oxygen species are potentially harmful and contribute to oxidative tissue damage during prolonged aerobic activity. Muscle damage is associated with the release of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), whose blood levels are used as biomarkers. During intense exercise, endogenous antioxidant enzymes may not fully prevent muscle damage; antioxidant supplementation is one possible protective strategy [24].

In recent years, researchers have examined herbal products and naturally occurring antioxidants for the prevention and treatment of various conditions [25]. Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) contains antioxidant compounds, including phenolic compounds, fatty acids, beta-carotene, and alpha-tocopherol [27, 26]. However, the effects of antioxidant supplements on physical health and athletic performance remain unclear, particularly in individuals undertaking strenuous aerobic exercise. Given the limited and inconsistent evidence regarding jujube consumption and oxidative stress after intense exercise, this study investigated the effects of endurance training and jujube-fruit consumption on CK, LDH, MDA, and blood lactate in inactive women after intense exercise.

Materials and Methods

This semi-experimental study enrolled 40 healthy, inactive female students from the University of Sistan and Baluchestan. Participants were volunteers recruited purposefully and conveniently from the female student population. They completed written consent and a medical-sports awareness questionnaire and received an explanation of the study procedures. Participants were randomly assigned to four groups: [1] endurance training, [2] endurance training plus jujube, [3] jujube consumption, and [4] control.

Blood lactate was measured in milligrams per deciliter using a lactate meter and a Vallancet kit. Serum MDA was determined by reaction with thiobarbituric acid using spectrophotometry at 532 nm [37]. Before intense exercise, 5 mL of blood was collected from the forearm vein while participants were seated and resting. Serum CK and LDH were measured by optical spectroscopy in a medical diagnostic laboratory.

After a 10-minute warm-up, participants completed an intense exercise test on an ergometer (Tuntury E433, Finland). They pedaled for 5 minutes at 60 revolutions per minute (RPM) and 50 W; the workload was then increased by 25 W every 5 minutes until the participant could no longer maintain 60 RPM. Time to exhaustion was recorded, and a second blood sample was collected while participants were seated.

Groups 1 and 2 then completed aerobic exercise three days per week for eight weeks. Each session included a 10-minute warm-up and 30 minutes of treadmill exercise at 55–75% of heart-rate reserve (HRR), calculated using the Karvonen method. Intensity was 50% during the first two weeks, 55% in week 3, 60% in week 4, 65% in week 5, 70% in week 6, and 75% during the final two weeks [38]. Exercise intensity was monitored using a Polar T31 heart-rate monitor (Finland). Cool-down consisted of five minutes of slow pedaling and stretching.

Participants in groups 2 and 3 consumed 0.4 g of jujube fruit per kilogram of body weight twice daily (morning and evening) for eight weeks [39]. Participants in groups 3 and 4 were asked to avoid regular physical activity and maintain their usual diet. At the end of week 8, the initial intense exercise test was repeated and blood samples and lactate measurements were obtained before and after exercise.

Statistical Analysis. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to assess normality. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests were used to compare the four groups at rest and after intense exercise. Paired t-tests were used to assess within-group changes. Analyses were performed using SPSS version 25. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

Results

Analysis of variance showed no significant difference in participants’ weight and body mass index before and after the eight-week program (p=0.12). A significant difference was observed in time to exhaustion (p=0.01). Paired t-test results showed that blood lactate decreased significantly in the endurance-training, endurance-training-plus-jujube, and jujube-consumption groups compared with pre-test values (p=0.03, p=0.00, and p=0.01, respectively). CK, LDH, and MDA did not change significantly compared with pre-test values.

After the eight-week program, lactate values differed significantly among the four groups (p=0.02). No significant between-group differences were observed for LDH (p=0.37), MDA (p=0.11), or CK (p=0.06). Tukey post hoc analysis showed significant differences in lactate between groups 1, 2, and 3 and the control group (p<0.05); no significant differences were observed among the other groups (p>0.05).

Discussion

The findings indicate that jujube consumption combined with endurance training, endurance training alone, and jujube consumption alone were each associated with significant reductions in blood lactate at rest. The post-intervention lactate response differed among groups, with the intervention groups differing from the control group. Following the intense exercise bout, the significant difference was reported only between the combined-intervention group and the control group, suggesting that the combined intervention may have a greater effect on post-exercise blood lactate than either intervention alone.

Combined jujube consumption and aerobic exercise did not significantly affect resting serum CK or prevent its increase after intense exercise, consistent with previous findings [43]. The intervention also did not produce a significant difference in resting or post-exercise LDH. The article discusses antioxidant actions of fruit phenolic compounds, beta-carotene, and jujube constituents, including electron donation and inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity, as possible mechanisms for reducing oxidative stress [39]. The authors suggest that endurance training did not measurably alter cell-membrane function in this study, whereas jujube consumption may have helped prevent potential membrane damage. Further studies are needed.

Conclusion

The results suggest that jujube consumption together with endurance training significantly affects blood-lactate levels in inactive women. Lactate levels in the endurance-training-plus-jujube and jujube-only groups differed from those in the control group, while comparisons with the endurance-training group were not significant. After intense exercise, the combined intervention showed a significant difference only compared with control. The endurance-training program did not significantly change CK, LDH, or MDA. Jujube may help reduce the effects of exercise-related oxidative stress and protect cell membranes, but further research is required.

Tables

Table 1. Participants’ demographic and anthropometric characteristics

Table 2. Changes in blood lactate and oxidative-stress indicators

Ethical Considerations

Compliance with Ethical Guidelines

All participants were examined by a physician before entering the study and were granted permission to participate. Written informed consent was obtained, confirming voluntary and informed participation in exercise sessions and supplement consumption. The authors state that the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki were observed throughout the study.

Funding

This study was carried out with the financial and executive support of the University of Sistan and Baluchestan.

Authors’ Contributions

All authors actively and equally participated in the design, implementation, data analysis, and writing of this manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declared that no conflicts of interest were involved.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank all study participants, the University’s Vice Chancellor for Research, the professors of the Department of Sport Sciences, and all students who assisted with the research.

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