Effective Materia Medica on Infertility From Hakim Mo ’ men ’ s View

* Corresponding Author: Minoo Hamoun, MA. Address: Department Medical Sciences History, Student Research Committee, School of Paramedicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Tel: +98 (918) 8130146 E-mail: minoo_hamoun@yahoo.com 1. Department of Iranian Medicine, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. 2. Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. 3. Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. 4. Department of Islamic Doctrinal Thought, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. 5. Department Medical Sciences History, Student Research Committee, School of Paramedicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Seyedeh Sedighe Yosefi1 , Zeinab Hamzeh Gardeshi2 , Mohammad Azadbakhat3 , Mostafa Moallemee4 , *Minoo Hamoun5


Introduction
akim Momen Tonekaboni is one of the most famous physicians in the history of Iranian herbal pharmacology. He learned the science of medicine from his father and other members of his family, all of whom were physicians, and became one of the most skilled physicians of his time. He wrote a comprehensive book of single and compound drugs with the aim of correcting the book H Ekhtiarat-e-badiee and presented it to Shah Suleiman, the Safavid king. Tohfat al-Momenin is one of the pharmacology books in the Safavid era [1][2][3]. The importance of fertility in family and community health is obvious. Infertility is a complex life crisis and a psychological threat. Many studies have likened the psychological consequences of infertility to public grief reactions. The World Health Organization reports that 43% of women and 7.30% of men suffer from secondary infertility, most of which can be prevented [6].

Materials and Methods
This study use library method and the study of texts focusing on the book Tohfat al-Momenin for collecting data. The keywords used for searching in Persian were: Madre Heiz (emmenagogue), Mobahhi (aphrodisiac), Sexual stimulants, Sexual enhancer, Pelvic inflammatory, Agham (Sterility), Monghi-e Rahm (Uterine Purifier), firmness of the uterus, Silan (Gonorrhea), Vaginal moisture, Uterine weakness, uterine rupture, Sperm ejaculation, intercourse, semen production, Uterine suppression, erectile dysfunction and erection, Pleasurable intercourse, and Testicle pain. The materia medica affecting fertility in the Book Tohfat al-Momenin, along with the sentences where they were directly or implicitly mentioned, were noted separately. Then, they were arranged alphabetically in a table.

Results
In the end, 396 materia medica were extracted, each of which had a direct and indirect effect on infertility. As mentioned in the book Tohfat al-Momenin, they could be consumed in the form of incense, ointment, herbal bath, gilding, vaginal suppository, half-boiled, rectal suppository, and oral.

Discussion
Having a child is one of the concerns of any couple, which after a while of marriage, if it does not happen, can cause worries in couples and their families. The past tradition is historical civilization. Tradition is part of past experience that has been proven throughout history. If a society ignores its past experiences, it has in fact denied its identity. Modern medicinal methods for the treatment of infertility are emerging; the use of these fertility treatments, in addition to being jurisprudentially and legally accurate, requires studies from the perspective of psychology and sociology so as not to have negative social effects and consequences [9].
Hakim Momen, after carefully studying and reviewing old medical books in Syriac, Arabic, Hindi, Greek, Persian, etc., and recognizing their pros and cons in addition to using the experiences of himself and his ancestors, compiled the book of Tohfat al-Momenin. From his point of view, infertility can be due to the man or the woman, and has considered the poor quality and quantity of semen as the causes of infertility. Although the results of the present study do not claim that all the collected materia medica are effective in treating infertility, more experimental and clinical studies are recommended on these materials using modern scientific principles and methods.

Compliance with ethical guidelines
All ethical principles were considered in this article. The participants were informed about the purpose of the research and its implementation stages; they were also assured about the confidentiality of their information; Moreover, They were allowed to leave the study whenever they wish, and if desired, the results of the research would be available to them.

Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-forprofit sectors