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Volume 13, Issue 3 (12-2023)
cmja 2023, 13(3): 47-55 |
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Shabib S, Hemmati A A. Investigating the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Cheese Plant on the Analgesic Effect of Morphine. cmja 2023; 13 (3) :47-55
URL: http://cmja.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-940-en.html
URL: http://cmja.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-940-en.html
1- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Markazi province, Iran. , shabib333@gmail.com
2- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Khuzestan Province, Ahvaz, Iran.
2- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Khuzestan Province, Ahvaz, Iran.
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INTRODUCTION
Pain is an unpleasant feeling that is an important part of the body's defense system. In fact, pain provides a rapid warning to the nervous system to initiate a motor response in order to minimize physical damage. inability to experience pain; As seen in the rare congenital disease of insensitivity to pain (CIPA) (1), it can cause very serious and dangerous problems for health, such as causing damage to the point of organ failure in a part of the body by the patient and sometimes even causing amputation by become a person himself (2). The most important reported effects of Malva sylvestris flowers in traditional medicine include analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, astringent, laxative, diuretic, expectorant and uterine tonic effects (8).
METHODS
This current study was performed on 11 groups of male rats (n=6). The negative control group received only i.p. (intraperitoneally) normal saline (2 ml/kg). The standard (morphine) group received morphine intraperitoneally at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. Hydro-Alcoholic extract of Malva sylvestris (HEMS) groups, received the extract intraperitoneally in different doses of in doses of 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg. Moreover, HEMS plus morphine (2.5 mg/kg) groups received the HEMS (100, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) following the administration of morphine (2.5 mg/ kg), and eventually, the group that received the most effective dose of HEMS with naloxone (1 mg/kg).
RESULTS
According to the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the doses of 400 and 600 mg/kg of the HEMS show the greatest synergism effect on the analgesic effect observed with morphine at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg compared to other doses. On the other hand, since the analgesic effects observed with both doses (400 and 600 mg/kg) were not statistically different at most of the investigated time points (PVALUE ≤ 0.05), therefore, according to a pharmacological principle, in theory, if several different doses of medicine do not have a significant difference in terms of effectiveness, the lowest dose will be the most desirable dose due to the less possibility of causing adverse effects. Considering these interpretations, the dose of 400 mg/kg extract is the most favorable dose to increase the analgesic effect of morphine due to its relatively similar efficacy to the higher dose of 600 mg/kg and probably less side effects than higher doses. Comparison of the analgesic effect of different doses of the extract alone and with morphine showed that the greatest analgesic effect occurs in the 45th minute after the administration of the extract.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, it was determined that the combined use of morphine with a dose of 2.5 mg/kg and the extract of the plant with doses of 400 and 600 (mg/kg) intraperitoneally has the greatest analgesic effect compared to the use of morphine alone (with a dose of 2.5 kg) and morphine combined with lower doses of the extract (200 and 100 mg/kg). The doses of 400 and 600 mg/kg extract with morphine showed a significant difference from the 15th to the 60th minute of the experiment compared to the use of morphine alone (2.5 mg/kg). If the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg extract with morphine showed a significant difference only in the 45th minute of the experiment compared to the use of morphine alone. These results confirm the choice of 400 mg/kg dose as the best dose for the analgesic effect of the extract. After choosing the dose of 400 mg/kg as the best dose for the analgesic effect of the extract, in order to determine one of the possible mechanisms of the analgesic effect of the plant, the best dose of the plant was administered together with naloxone (1 mg/kg), which significantly reduced the analgesic effect. Pain was the most appropriate dose of HEMS (400 mg/kg).
Ethical Considerations
The study’s experimental design was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) of Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (IR.AJUMS.REC.1394.356).
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We would like to declare our special thanks to the Research Affairs of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences for financial support. This study is from Pharm. D. thesis of Dr. Somayeh Shabib (Registration No. B – 91/022)
Pain is an unpleasant feeling that is an important part of the body's defense system. In fact, pain provides a rapid warning to the nervous system to initiate a motor response in order to minimize physical damage. inability to experience pain; As seen in the rare congenital disease of insensitivity to pain (CIPA) (1), it can cause very serious and dangerous problems for health, such as causing damage to the point of organ failure in a part of the body by the patient and sometimes even causing amputation by become a person himself (2). The most important reported effects of Malva sylvestris flowers in traditional medicine include analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, astringent, laxative, diuretic, expectorant and uterine tonic effects (8).
METHODS
This current study was performed on 11 groups of male rats (n=6). The negative control group received only i.p. (intraperitoneally) normal saline (2 ml/kg). The standard (morphine) group received morphine intraperitoneally at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. Hydro-Alcoholic extract of Malva sylvestris (HEMS) groups, received the extract intraperitoneally in different doses of in doses of 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg. Moreover, HEMS plus morphine (2.5 mg/kg) groups received the HEMS (100, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) following the administration of morphine (2.5 mg/ kg), and eventually, the group that received the most effective dose of HEMS with naloxone (1 mg/kg).
RESULTS
According to the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the doses of 400 and 600 mg/kg of the HEMS show the greatest synergism effect on the analgesic effect observed with morphine at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg compared to other doses. On the other hand, since the analgesic effects observed with both doses (400 and 600 mg/kg) were not statistically different at most of the investigated time points (PVALUE ≤ 0.05), therefore, according to a pharmacological principle, in theory, if several different doses of medicine do not have a significant difference in terms of effectiveness, the lowest dose will be the most desirable dose due to the less possibility of causing adverse effects. Considering these interpretations, the dose of 400 mg/kg extract is the most favorable dose to increase the analgesic effect of morphine due to its relatively similar efficacy to the higher dose of 600 mg/kg and probably less side effects than higher doses. Comparison of the analgesic effect of different doses of the extract alone and with morphine showed that the greatest analgesic effect occurs in the 45th minute after the administration of the extract.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, it was determined that the combined use of morphine with a dose of 2.5 mg/kg and the extract of the plant with doses of 400 and 600 (mg/kg) intraperitoneally has the greatest analgesic effect compared to the use of morphine alone (with a dose of 2.5 kg) and morphine combined with lower doses of the extract (200 and 100 mg/kg). The doses of 400 and 600 mg/kg extract with morphine showed a significant difference from the 15th to the 60th minute of the experiment compared to the use of morphine alone (2.5 mg/kg). If the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg extract with morphine showed a significant difference only in the 45th minute of the experiment compared to the use of morphine alone. These results confirm the choice of 400 mg/kg dose as the best dose for the analgesic effect of the extract. After choosing the dose of 400 mg/kg as the best dose for the analgesic effect of the extract, in order to determine one of the possible mechanisms of the analgesic effect of the plant, the best dose of the plant was administered together with naloxone (1 mg/kg), which significantly reduced the analgesic effect. Pain was the most appropriate dose of HEMS (400 mg/kg).
Ethical Considerations
The study’s experimental design was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) of Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (IR.AJUMS.REC.1394.356).
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We would like to declare our special thanks to the Research Affairs of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences for financial support. This study is from Pharm. D. thesis of Dr. Somayeh Shabib (Registration No. B – 91/022)
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Pharmacology
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