Enter your email address
Submit
Write your message
Volume 14, Issue 2 (8-2024)
cmja 2024, 14(2): 11-21 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Mousabeygi T, Zare H, Sharifi A, Aliakbari dehkordi M. Comparing the Effectiveness of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Neurofeedback, and Their Simultaneous Use in Emotional Memory and Emotion Regulation in People with Stroke. cmja 2024; 14 (2) :11-21
URL: http://cmja.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-992-en.html
URL: http://cmja.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-992-en.html
1- PhD Candidate in Psychology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
2- Professor, Department of Psychology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran. ,h_zare@pnu.ac.ir
3- Assistant Professor of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
4- Professor, Department of Psychology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
2- Professor, Department of Psychology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran. ,
3- Assistant Professor of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
4- Professor, Department of Psychology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
Full-Text [PDF 1386 kb]
(397 Downloads)
| Abstract (HTML) (969 Views)
Full-Text: (384 Views)
INTRODUCTION
Stroke is one of the most common and debilitating neurological diseases in adults. According to the conducted studies, people with stroke suffer from various cognitive, behavioral, and emotional defects, the most well-known of which are defects in memory and emotional processing (5). One of the notable consequences of a stroke is the inability to regulate positive and negative emotions (11). Therefore, an available and affordable treatment is needed to reduce the problems of people suffering from stroke. Cognitive rehabilitation and improvement of brain function are among the treatments that can increase the power of learning, attention, memory, and reasoning in people with stroke, improving their performance (15). Apart from the usual methods of rehabilitation of stroke patients, neurofeedback is a relatively new approach for the rehabilitation of patients with brain stroke (18). Considering that almost half of stroke people fail to respond to usual and common treatments alone or experience relapses, drug treatments are sometimes not accepted due to side effects. Therefore, in many cases, treatment is abandoned incompletely by people. In light of the aforementioned issues, the present study aimed to compare the effect of cognitive rehabilitation, neurofeedback, and the combination of both on emotional memory and emotion regulation in people with stroke.
METHODS
The research was carried out as a quasi-experimental study. In experimental research, Cohen's method was used to determine the adequacy of sample size in statistical analysis (22). The sample size was determined at 15 participants in each group, considering an alpha level of 0.05, effect size of 0.50, and test power of 0.76. The statistical population included 45 stroke patients undergoing treatment at Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah who were selected by purposive sampling method. After signing an informed consent form, the patients were placed in three groups of 15 people using a simple random allocation method. Following that, they underwent cognitive rehabilitation treatment, neurofeedback, and a combination of the two for eight weeks based on the protocol, followed up for two months. Data collection tools were the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (2003) and the Emotional Memory Test (1995). The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 24) using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and its assumptions, including Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Mbox tests, at the significance level of 0.05.
RESULTS
This study was conducted on 45 participants with an age range of 40-65 years (mean age: 47.6 years). All participants were male and married. Regarding education, 14 (31.1%), 23 (51.1%), and 8 (17.8%) of the cases had diplomas, bachelor's, and master's degrees, respectively. First, the assumptions of repeated variance analysis were checked. The results of checking the normality of the research variables with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test demonstrated that none of the data were significant (P>0.05). The results of Levin's test in examining the homogeneity of variances of research variables showed that none of the data were significant (P>0.05). Moreover, the results of the Mbox test indicated that the assumption of homogeneity of the variance-covariance matrix was confirmed (Sig=0.676; F=0.776). The results pointed out that the mean scores of emotional memory (P=0.004) and emotion regulation (P=0.016) significantly increased in the treatment groups in the post-test and follow-up stages. The partial ETA value indicated that approximately 17% of the variation in emotional memory and 16% in emotion regulation could be explained by the treatment groups. In addition, the results of comparing the mean scores between the groups showed that the combination of cognitive rehabilitation and neurofeedback treatments was more effective in emotional memory and emotion regulation than each of the treatments alone (P<001).
CONCLUSION
The present study sought to compare the effect of cognitive rehabilitation, neurofeedback, and the combination of both on emotional memory and emotion regulation in people with stroke. The results of the data analysis revealed that the combined intervention was more effective in emotional memory compared to cognitive rehabilitation and neurofeedback. Moreover, there was no significant difference between cognitive rehabilitation and neurofeedback interventions. One of the limitations of the present study was the restriction of sampling to men with stroke, which limited the generalization of the data. Therefore, it is suggested that research be conducted in other age groups and statistical communities with different cultural, social, and economic characteristics and that the results be compared with the present research findings. Additionally, the research relied solely on self-report questionnaires for data collection. As a result, participants responded to the items based on their own preferences, which could introduce bias in their responses - either positively or negatively - potentially influencing the research results. Considering these limitations, it is recommended that future studies incorporate additional data collection methods, such as clinical interviews, alongside questionnaires, and that research be conducted with larger sample sizes.
CONCLUSION
The present study sought to compare the effect of cognitive rehabilitation, neurofeedback, and the combination of both on emotional memory and emotion regulation in people with stroke. The results of the data analysis revealed that the combined intervention was more effective in emotional memory compared to cognitive rehabilitation and neurofeedback. Moreover, there was no significant difference between cognitive rehabilitation and neurofeedback interventions. One of the limitations of the present study was the restriction of sampling to men with stroke, which limited the generalization of the data. Therefore, it is suggested that research be conducted in other age groups and statistical communities with different cultural, social, and economic characteristics and that the results be compared with the present research findings. Additionally, the research relied solely on self-report questionnaires for data collection. As a result, participants responded to the items based on their own preferences, which could introduce bias in their responses - either positively or negatively - potentially influencing the research results. Considering these limitations, it is recommended that future studies incorporate additional data collection methods, such as clinical interviews, alongside questionnaires, and that research be conducted with larger sample sizes.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
This article was extracted from a doctoral thesis in the field of psychology, Payam Noor University, Tehran branch, registered with the code IRCT20230925059514N1 in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials system. All participants expressed their willingness to take part in the study and volunteered for it. They were assured that all information was confidential and would only be used for research purposes. Furthermore, to respect privacy, the names and surnames of the people were not mentioned in the research.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contributions
The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the management and staff of Imam Reza Hospital and all the dear patients who participated in this paper.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Other cases
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
Contact Information
Complementary Medicine Journal
Arak University of Medical Sciences, Sardasht, Arak, Iran.
Journal Tel: +98 86 34173524
Email: journalcmjaarakmu.ac.ir
