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Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2024)
cmja 2024, 14(1): 45-53 |
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Farzizadeh R, vahedi S, Rahati M. Investigating the Relationship between Somatotype and Temperament (Mizaj) in Non-athletic Male Students. cmja 2024; 14 (1) :45-53
URL: http://cmja.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-957-en.html
URL: http://cmja.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-957-en.html
1- Associate Professor of Sports Physiology, Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran , r_farzizadeh@uma.ac.ir
2- PhD Student in Sports Physiology, Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
3- MSC of Sports Physiology, Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran & MSC of Sports Physiology, Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2- PhD Student in Sports Physiology, Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
3- MSC of Sports Physiology, Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran & MSC of Sports Physiology, Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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INTRODUCTION
The evaluation of physical indicators is considered an important part of the talent search process (1). The results of various research have shown the existence of a relationship between this index and sports performance, the similarity of the body type of young and adult players of the same discipline, and the stability of body type throughout life (2, 3). Body type and physical characteristics of people are one of the effective factors in predicting the success of athletes in various sports fields (4). Based on the literature review, it can be concluded that in any field of sports, athletes with the specific dimensions and sizes of that sport must be used, emphasizing the importance of considering body shape when selecting individuals in sports fields (5). Singer reports that people are born with certain inherent characteristics, and they can engage in activities by determining these characteristics (8). According to the theories of traditional Iranian medicine, the factor that can affect physical characteristics and capacities is the hereditary part of a person’s existence, that is, temperament (Mizaj). These characteristics and common individual characteristics are called Mizaj (9). According to the theories of traditional Iranian medicine, Mizaj affects the mood, psychological and physical characteristics, and physiological function of the body (10). The current study aims to explore the correlation between body type and temperament in young men, drawing on research findings and modern medical evidence that link genetics and physical activity, as well as the significance of physical conditions (18). This is further underscored by traditional medicine experts’ emphasis on the connection between temperament and physical activity (10, 12), alongside researchers viewing individuals’ body types as predictive of success in various sports disciplines (19). Amongst the important research in this field, we can mention the research conducted by Vahedi et al. in 2018, the results of which indicated the existence of significant differences in most of the physiological indicators in different temperaments (17).
METHODS
The current research is analytical-cross-sectional and was conducted with four temperament groups and an intergroup comparison design. The statistical population included single, non-athletic men who had not exercised regularly for at least three months. All body measurement features were assessed based on the standards developed by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (21). Information about body fat percentage was calculated using Carter’s six-component equation. In order to measure body type components, the measured data were entered into Somatotype software version 1.25 (22). The data were analyzed using the Eta correlation coefficient method in the SPSS software version 21. Hypotheses were tested with a significance level of p ≥ 0.05.
RESULTS
Statistical analysis revealed that individuals with warm and wet temperament had the highest prevalence of mesomorphic body types, while those with cold and wet temperament were more likely to have endomorphic body types. Similarly, individuals with cold and dry temperament were most commonly associated with ectomorphic body types. The information is comprehensively presented in the table and figure below.
CONCLUSION
The results demonstrated that there was a high correlation coefficient between the endomorphy score and temperament (89%), and the subjects who had a colder and wetter temperament had significantly the highest endomorphy scores. According to scientists in Iranian traditional medicine, people with cold and wet temperament have high visceral fat, and in terms of skeletal structure, they have more porous and less dense bones than other temperaments, (10-13, 23-25). Furthermore, cold and wetter people, who are defined as people with too much sebaceous fat in the foundations of ancient medicine, had the highest endomorph type score. This finding was in agreement with the results reported by Vahedi et al., indicating the highest relative fat content in individuals with a cold and wet temperament compared to other temperaments (10, 17). Furthermore, a high correlation coefficient was observed between temperament and mesomorphy score (92.4%). Amongst the temperament groups, warm and wet temperament had the highest mesomorphy score significantly compared to other temperaments. Given that the mesomorphic type is identified as the muscular type (27) and muscle volume is primarily composed of protein and water (28), this points to the higher relative muscle mass and overall body water in individuals with a warm and wet temperament compared to other temperaments. Vahidi et al. have pointed out in their research the highest percentage of muscle volume and higher amount of protein and total body water in warm and wet individuals (17), aligning with the findings of this study. A correlation coefficient was found in connection with temperament and ectomorphy score (94.6%), where the highest ectomorphy score significantly belonged to cold and dry temperaments. Cold and dry people have been introduced in Iranian traditional medicine as having thin and elongated bodies (10-13). In this field, the researchers investigated the amount of bone mass (minerals) and the amount of muscle protein, with cold and dry people having the lowest amount (19). It appears that these physiological factors are directly related to body shape and structure. Body size, fatness, and thinness are among the factors of temperament diagnosis in Iranian traditional medicine sources, which are considered one of the somatotype indicators (10). Razi mentioned this index as one of the main indicators of temperament and pointed out the size of the nostrils and the passages of the organs in warm temperament, as well as their tightness and narrowness in cold temperament (24, 25, 29, 30). According to the four types of temperament in traditional Iranian medicine, they had a high correlation with the mesomorph, endomorph, and ectomorph scores, and warm and dry temperament were close to the cold and dry temperament group in the ectomorph score and to the warm and wet temperament group in the mesomorph score. Based on this, it can be considered among these body types. There is a significant relationship between people’s temperament and the body type of young men. Therefore, temperament can be used as a factor in determining people’s athletic talent.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
This article is taken from the research project approved by the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili with a code of ethics IR.UMA.REC.1402.035. It should also be announced that the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, including obtaining informed consent from the participants and the confidentiality of their information, have been observed.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contributions
The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the persons who have provided scientific consulting for this paper.
The evaluation of physical indicators is considered an important part of the talent search process (1). The results of various research have shown the existence of a relationship between this index and sports performance, the similarity of the body type of young and adult players of the same discipline, and the stability of body type throughout life (2, 3). Body type and physical characteristics of people are one of the effective factors in predicting the success of athletes in various sports fields (4). Based on the literature review, it can be concluded that in any field of sports, athletes with the specific dimensions and sizes of that sport must be used, emphasizing the importance of considering body shape when selecting individuals in sports fields (5). Singer reports that people are born with certain inherent characteristics, and they can engage in activities by determining these characteristics (8). According to the theories of traditional Iranian medicine, the factor that can affect physical characteristics and capacities is the hereditary part of a person’s existence, that is, temperament (Mizaj). These characteristics and common individual characteristics are called Mizaj (9). According to the theories of traditional Iranian medicine, Mizaj affects the mood, psychological and physical characteristics, and physiological function of the body (10). The current study aims to explore the correlation between body type and temperament in young men, drawing on research findings and modern medical evidence that link genetics and physical activity, as well as the significance of physical conditions (18). This is further underscored by traditional medicine experts’ emphasis on the connection between temperament and physical activity (10, 12), alongside researchers viewing individuals’ body types as predictive of success in various sports disciplines (19). Amongst the important research in this field, we can mention the research conducted by Vahedi et al. in 2018, the results of which indicated the existence of significant differences in most of the physiological indicators in different temperaments (17).
METHODS
The current research is analytical-cross-sectional and was conducted with four temperament groups and an intergroup comparison design. The statistical population included single, non-athletic men who had not exercised regularly for at least three months. All body measurement features were assessed based on the standards developed by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (21). Information about body fat percentage was calculated using Carter’s six-component equation. In order to measure body type components, the measured data were entered into Somatotype software version 1.25 (22). The data were analyzed using the Eta correlation coefficient method in the SPSS software version 21. Hypotheses were tested with a significance level of p ≥ 0.05.
RESULTS
Statistical analysis revealed that individuals with warm and wet temperament had the highest prevalence of mesomorphic body types, while those with cold and wet temperament were more likely to have endomorphic body types. Similarly, individuals with cold and dry temperament were most commonly associated with ectomorphic body types. The information is comprehensively presented in the table and figure below.
CONCLUSION
The results demonstrated that there was a high correlation coefficient between the endomorphy score and temperament (89%), and the subjects who had a colder and wetter temperament had significantly the highest endomorphy scores. According to scientists in Iranian traditional medicine, people with cold and wet temperament have high visceral fat, and in terms of skeletal structure, they have more porous and less dense bones than other temperaments, (10-13, 23-25). Furthermore, cold and wetter people, who are defined as people with too much sebaceous fat in the foundations of ancient medicine, had the highest endomorph type score. This finding was in agreement with the results reported by Vahedi et al., indicating the highest relative fat content in individuals with a cold and wet temperament compared to other temperaments (10, 17). Furthermore, a high correlation coefficient was observed between temperament and mesomorphy score (92.4%). Amongst the temperament groups, warm and wet temperament had the highest mesomorphy score significantly compared to other temperaments. Given that the mesomorphic type is identified as the muscular type (27) and muscle volume is primarily composed of protein and water (28), this points to the higher relative muscle mass and overall body water in individuals with a warm and wet temperament compared to other temperaments. Vahidi et al. have pointed out in their research the highest percentage of muscle volume and higher amount of protein and total body water in warm and wet individuals (17), aligning with the findings of this study. A correlation coefficient was found in connection with temperament and ectomorphy score (94.6%), where the highest ectomorphy score significantly belonged to cold and dry temperaments. Cold and dry people have been introduced in Iranian traditional medicine as having thin and elongated bodies (10-13). In this field, the researchers investigated the amount of bone mass (minerals) and the amount of muscle protein, with cold and dry people having the lowest amount (19). It appears that these physiological factors are directly related to body shape and structure. Body size, fatness, and thinness are among the factors of temperament diagnosis in Iranian traditional medicine sources, which are considered one of the somatotype indicators (10). Razi mentioned this index as one of the main indicators of temperament and pointed out the size of the nostrils and the passages of the organs in warm temperament, as well as their tightness and narrowness in cold temperament (24, 25, 29, 30). According to the four types of temperament in traditional Iranian medicine, they had a high correlation with the mesomorph, endomorph, and ectomorph scores, and warm and dry temperament were close to the cold and dry temperament group in the ectomorph score and to the warm and wet temperament group in the mesomorph score. Based on this, it can be considered among these body types. There is a significant relationship between people’s temperament and the body type of young men. Therefore, temperament can be used as a factor in determining people’s athletic talent.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
This article is taken from the research project approved by the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili with a code of ethics IR.UMA.REC.1402.035. It should also be announced that the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, including obtaining informed consent from the participants and the confidentiality of their information, have been observed.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contributions
The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the persons who have provided scientific consulting for this paper.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Traditional medicine
References
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