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Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2024)
cmja 2024, 14(1): 3-12 |
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Bahrami S, Babaei N, Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh H, Mohajeri Borazjani J, Farzanehpour M. Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory Effect of Aqueous Extract of Pistacia atlantica Gum in an Experimental Model of Ulcerative Colitis. cmja 2024; 14 (1) :3-12
URL: http://cmja.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-968-en.html
URL: http://cmja.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-968-en.html
Shabnam Bahrami1 
, Nahid Babaei *2 , Hadi Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh3 , Jaleh Mohajeri Borazjani4 , Mahdieh Farzanehpour3
, Nahid Babaei *2 , Hadi Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh3 , Jaleh Mohajeri Borazjani4 , Mahdieh Farzanehpour3
1- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
2- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran ,nahid.babaei@iau.ac.ir
3- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatullah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4- Department of Fisheries and Natural Resources, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
2- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran ,
3- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatullah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4- Department of Fisheries and Natural Resources, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran
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INTRODUCTION
Ulcerative colitis, a chronic inflammatory condition, affects various age groups. Inflammation in colonic mucosa leads to the release of cells, causing lipid peroxidation, increased permeability, and inflammation to spread. The induction of colitis in rodents through acetic acid injection mirrors the acute phase in humans. Current treatments, such as corticosteroids and aminosalicylates, have severe side effects. Mesalazine, a frontline treatment, inhibits inflammatory mediators. Nevertheless, some patients do not respond well and have an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Research focuses on finding effective drugs with minimal side effects and exploring herbal remedies, such as Pistacia atlantica resin.
METHODS
Using 20 BALB/c mice, the enzyme myeloperoxidase activity was assessed by combining 100 microliters of tetramethyl benzidine solution (pH 5) with 10 microliters of homogenized samples and 80 microliters of 0.75 mM H2O2. Absorbance was measured at 450nm after halting the reaction with 50 microliters of 2 molar H2SO4. a Griess reagent was used to evaluate nitric oxide activity in colon tissue, A mixture of 50 microliters of Griess reagent and 50 microliters of homogenized colon tissue was prepared, and absorption at 540nm was measured after the addition of 2/1 molar hydrochloric acid. The isolation of spleen cells and evaluation using Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) were conducted with 20 BALB/c mice. The cells were exposed to a PHA solution, and absorbance at 550 nanometers was measured after adding DMSO. The analysis of inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in spleen cells, as well as gene expression in colon tissue (COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), was performed as previously described. Statistical analysis used one-way ANOVA. All data are presented as mean±standard deviation, and statistical significance was considered for p-values less than 0.05. The analyses were conducted using SPSS software (version 24).
RESULTS
Using 20 BALB/c mice, disease activity increased significantly in untreated colitis compared to healthy mice (P<0.0001). Aqueous extract of P. atlantica gum and Mesalazine reduced disease activity, with Mesalazine displaying the most significant decrease (P<0.0001). Myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide activity increased in untreated colitis, and both P. atlantica gum extract and Mesalazine reduced these activities significantly. Spleen cell proliferation was higher in untreated colitis, reduced by P. atlantica gum extract and Mesalazine (P<0.0001). Cytokine levels (IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α) increased in untreated colitis, and both interventions significantly lowered cytokine activity, with Mesalazine being the most effective (P<0.0001). Gene expression (IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2) was significantly reduced by P. atlantica gum extract and Mesalazine compared to untreated colitis (P<0.0001).
CONCLUSION
In the untreated colitis model, the aqueous extract of P. atlantica gum and Mesalazine significantly reduced nitric oxide, managing crucial indicators of inflammation. For instance, myeloperoxidase, indicative of neutrophil density in inflamed tissue, decreased with the administration of P. atlantica gum extract and Mesalazine, signifying a reduction in inflammation in the inflamed tissue. Moreover, phenolic compounds in P. atlantica, such as alpha-pinene and beta-pinene, recognized as the main active constituents in the gum extract, contributed to the attenuation of colitis inflammatory markers, including the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α), and the expression of COX-2 and iNOS genes.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All the steps of this research are in compliance with ethical principles. This study has been registered in Baqiyatullah University of Medical Sciences (code of ethics: IR.BMSU.AEC.1400.001).
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contributions
The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
The present article was extracted from a doctoral thesis submitted by Shabnam Bahrami. The authors would like to thank those who assisted us in this research project.
Ulcerative colitis, a chronic inflammatory condition, affects various age groups. Inflammation in colonic mucosa leads to the release of cells, causing lipid peroxidation, increased permeability, and inflammation to spread. The induction of colitis in rodents through acetic acid injection mirrors the acute phase in humans. Current treatments, such as corticosteroids and aminosalicylates, have severe side effects. Mesalazine, a frontline treatment, inhibits inflammatory mediators. Nevertheless, some patients do not respond well and have an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Research focuses on finding effective drugs with minimal side effects and exploring herbal remedies, such as Pistacia atlantica resin.
METHODS
Using 20 BALB/c mice, the enzyme myeloperoxidase activity was assessed by combining 100 microliters of tetramethyl benzidine solution (pH 5) with 10 microliters of homogenized samples and 80 microliters of 0.75 mM H2O2. Absorbance was measured at 450nm after halting the reaction with 50 microliters of 2 molar H2SO4. a Griess reagent was used to evaluate nitric oxide activity in colon tissue, A mixture of 50 microliters of Griess reagent and 50 microliters of homogenized colon tissue was prepared, and absorption at 540nm was measured after the addition of 2/1 molar hydrochloric acid. The isolation of spleen cells and evaluation using Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) were conducted with 20 BALB/c mice. The cells were exposed to a PHA solution, and absorbance at 550 nanometers was measured after adding DMSO. The analysis of inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in spleen cells, as well as gene expression in colon tissue (COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), was performed as previously described. Statistical analysis used one-way ANOVA. All data are presented as mean±standard deviation, and statistical significance was considered for p-values less than 0.05. The analyses were conducted using SPSS software (version 24).
RESULTS
Using 20 BALB/c mice, disease activity increased significantly in untreated colitis compared to healthy mice (P<0.0001). Aqueous extract of P. atlantica gum and Mesalazine reduced disease activity, with Mesalazine displaying the most significant decrease (P<0.0001). Myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide activity increased in untreated colitis, and both P. atlantica gum extract and Mesalazine reduced these activities significantly. Spleen cell proliferation was higher in untreated colitis, reduced by P. atlantica gum extract and Mesalazine (P<0.0001). Cytokine levels (IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α) increased in untreated colitis, and both interventions significantly lowered cytokine activity, with Mesalazine being the most effective (P<0.0001). Gene expression (IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2) was significantly reduced by P. atlantica gum extract and Mesalazine compared to untreated colitis (P<0.0001).
CONCLUSION
In the untreated colitis model, the aqueous extract of P. atlantica gum and Mesalazine significantly reduced nitric oxide, managing crucial indicators of inflammation. For instance, myeloperoxidase, indicative of neutrophil density in inflamed tissue, decreased with the administration of P. atlantica gum extract and Mesalazine, signifying a reduction in inflammation in the inflamed tissue. Moreover, phenolic compounds in P. atlantica, such as alpha-pinene and beta-pinene, recognized as the main active constituents in the gum extract, contributed to the attenuation of colitis inflammatory markers, including the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α), and the expression of COX-2 and iNOS genes.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All the steps of this research are in compliance with ethical principles. This study has been registered in Baqiyatullah University of Medical Sciences (code of ethics: IR.BMSU.AEC.1400.001).
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contributions
The authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
The present article was extracted from a doctoral thesis submitted by Shabnam Bahrami. The authors would like to thank those who assisted us in this research project.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Medicinal Plants
References
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