INTRODUCTION
 
Obesity causes inflammation and imbalance in the secretion of adipokines. The immune system increases the proper areas of the health of the body. Several factors work to strengthen this device. In this regard, the effect of physical activity and herbal supplements is discussed (Delavar, 2002). Total Body Resistance Exercise (TRX) training was designed with the aim of improving endurance and strength and focusing on trunk strength and human body weight. TRX has significant effects on physiological indicators, strengthens muscles, increases joint stability, and improves lung capacity (Dolati and Ghazalia, 2017). Mango is a source of ascorbic acid, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. Mango extract has anti-inflammatory activity in many pathological disorders associated with inflammatory response (Sferrazzo and Palmeri, 2022). Mangiferin has been widely investigated for its biological and therapeutic potentials. Mango is the primary and main source of mangiferin (Lum and Sekar, 2022). Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is an inflammatory cytokine that increases in obesity and causes destruction of beta cells and changes in insulin sensitivity. According to a study performed by Zhao and Dharmadhikari in 2014, IL-1β has a positive relationship with body mass index (TRX). In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate the effect of TRX training along with the consumption of aqueous mango leaf extract on IL-1β of obese and inactive overweight male students.
METHODS
This semi-experimental study aimed to investigate the effect of six weeks of TRX training and oral intake of aqueous extract of mango tree on serum levels of IL-1β and anthropometric indices of overweight and inactive obese male students. The statistical population consisted of 20-25-year-old overweight and passively obese male university students with a high BMI of 25 kg/m2. In total, 48 people were purposefully selected as the research sample and randomly divided into four groups of 12 people, namely control, extract consumption, exercise + placebo, and exercise + extract consumption. Body fat percentage was determined using the Body Composition Analyzer. The exercise program started 24 h after the initial blood draw in the pre-test phase. The training program was implemented for 6 weeks. The control group was prohibited from doing any physical activity and consuming any herbal supplements during the research period. A Human IL-1β ELISA kit (Carmania Parsgene Company, Iran) with a sensitivity of 2 pg/ml was used. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the normality of the data, and the correlated t-test was used for intra-group comparison. Moreover, the one-way analysis of variance was used for inter-group comparison. Tukey's post hoc test was also used to determine the differences between groups at a significance level of P<0.05.
TRX training protocol
Six weeks of TRX training were performed with a frequency of three sessions per week. In the first week, six movements were selected and divided into two groups of three movements. In this order, the subjects performed three movements of 10 repetitions and rested for 1 min between each movement. After completion of the three movements, they rested for 3 min and then performed the next three movements. In the second week, six movements were performed in a row, and the 3-min break between all three movements was removed, and the repetitions were 10 for each movement. In the third week, the repetitions were increased from 10 to 12, with 3 min to rest between rounds. In the fourth week, eight consecutive movements were performed, and the 3-min break between them was removed, and the repetitions were the same as 12 for each movement. In the fifth and sixth weeks, the repetitions and rounds were constant, but the training pressure was increased by increasing the angle of the body and increasing the distance from the ligament graft site. Furthermore, TRX increased by one leg (Vahidian and Ghaed, 2020).
Supplement intake protocol
The subjects of the exercise+extract group and the extract group were asked to consume 1,000 mg (two 500 mg capsules) of mango leaf extract twice a day for 6 weeks along with lunch and dinner with a glass of water (Riche and Riche, 2017).
RESULTS
Average weight, fat percentage, BMI, and IL-1β decreased in the three intervention groups and increased in the control group. There was a significant difference between the exercise + placebo and exercise + observation extract groups in terms of weight, fat percentage, and BMI (0.001). However, there was no significant decrease in the mango leaf extract and control groups (0.10). The TRX training, TRX training along with extract consumption, and extract consumption alone led to a significant decrease in IL-1β (0.001), but no significant difference was observed in the control group (0.11). The response of weight, fat percentage, BMI, and IL-1β was significantly different between the research groups (0.001). This means that the changes in the exercise + placebo and exercise + extract groups had a significant effect on weight loss, fat percentage, and BMI, compared to the extract and control groups (0.001). In addition, the changes in the exercise + placebo, the exercise + mango leaf extract, and the mango leaf extract groups had a significant effect on reducing serum IL-1β levels, compared to the control group (0.01).
CONCLUSION
The results showed that six weeks of TRX training, TRX training with mango leaf extract, and mango leaf extract consumption without training led to a significant decrease in IL-1β in overweight and obese male students. One of the important ways to reduce IL-1β is to do regular physical activity and reduce body fat mass. Regular exercise plays a role in modulating inflammation by reducing visceral fat, increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reducing inflammatory cytokines. Through reduction of weight and modulation of adipose tissue, regular exercise reserves as a source of cytokine synthesis that regulates TNF-α levels. Moreover, by reducing sympathetic stimulation and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, it inhibits the release of inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β (Petersen, 2005). It seems that TRX training along with the consumption of mango tree leaf extract may be effective in reducing the inflammatory condition and body composition of overweight and inactive male students with obesity. Therefore, sports activities can be used to improve the inflammatory condition and body composition of overweight and inactive obese young males.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines 
Code of Ethics of No. IR.SSRI.REC.1401.1867 was obtained for this study. It should also be announced that the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, including obtaining informed consent from the participants and the confidentiality of their information, have been observed.
Funding
This study was carried out with the financial and executive support of the University of Sistan and Baluchistan, Zahedan, Iran.
Authors’ Contributions
Authors have played an equal role in writing this study.
Conflict of Interest
There is no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the research deputy of the university, sports science professors, and students who cooperated wholeheartedly.