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Volume 13, Issue 4 (1-2024)
cmja 2024, 13(4): 28-43 |
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Aghighi Alaghejonban G, Mokaberinejad R, Alizadeh K, Eslami R. Effectiveness of Onion (Allium Cepa) on the Improvement of Sexual Disorders in Men: A Review Study. cmja 2024; 13 (4) :28-43
URL: http://cmja.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-954-en.html
URL: http://cmja.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-954-en.html
1- School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2- School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran , medicalresco@yahoo.com
2- School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran , medicalresco@yahoo.com
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Table 1. Summary of studies conducted on onions and their reported effects on testosterone levels and male sexual dysfunction.
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INTRODUCTION
Male sexual dysfunction (MSD) can affect physical and mental health as well as marital relationships. There are different types of treatments for MSD and the success of the treatment depends on the underlying cause. Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and alcohol, increasing physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight can help improvement of erectile dysfunction. Counseling can also lead to resolve of psychological or emotional problems that may help to treat MSD. However, other treatment options may be needed for this disorder, including oral chemical drugs such as sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra), and tadalafil (Cialis), which are commonly prescribed for erectile dysfunction and produce an erection by increasing blood flow to the penis. (Krishnappa, Fernandez-Pascual et al. 2019). Testosterone replacement therapy may also be recommended for men with low testosterone levels, which can contribute to erectile dysfunction as well as decreased libido (Barbonetti, D'Andrea et al. 2020). However, due to its side effects, testosterone replacement therapy is not recommended as a first-line treatment for erectile dysfunction. These chemical treatments often have side effects that limit their use. On the other hand, oral treatments have often been effective in men with mild disorders, and about 35% of patients did not respond to these treatments. Therefore, complementary therapies for MSD, which include a wide range of alternative therapies, are growing. Some of these complementary therapies include herbal medicine, acupuncture, biofeedback, dietary supplements, and traditional Chinese medicine.
Ginkgo Biloba, Red Ginseng, and pollen (used in traditional Chinese medicine with the scientific name: Epimedium) are among the herbal medicines used for MSD. However, due to the growing areas, abundance and processing of these plants for medicinal use, these herbal medicines may not be easily available.
Since onion is one of the most well-known plant species that is frequently used in Middle Eastern and Indian diets, it has been a species of medical interest due to its many therapeutic benefits (Augusti 1996). Several studies have been conducted to confirm the effects expressed in traditional medicine regarding onions. One of the effects of onion that has been noticed is its effect on sexual problems, especially male impotence. The present study aimed to systematically review the published literature on the traditional uses, medicinal properties, and phytochemical compounds of onions regarding the improvement of men's sexual problems based on available scientific evidence. This review includes the effect of onion on erectile dysfunction as well as its effect on testosterone.
METHODS
The present study is a review study on the use of onions to improve men's sexual disorders. In order to identify studies conducted in English from 1990 to January 2023, search in databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar search engine were performed with keywords Allium cepa, Onion, Male sexual dysfunction, Erectile disorder, Libido, Men's sexual health, and Testosterone.
RESULTS
In the initial review, 79 articles were found, and by removing the same items (removing 23 items), checking the title and abstract of the articles (removing 28 items) and checking the full text (removing 11 items), finally 17 articles were reviewed in this study (Table 1).
Almost all studies on onion (15 out of 17 studies) were conducted on mouse models, especially male rats. Only one study has been conducted on healthy men (row 9 of Table 1). Onion products including fresh onion juice, aqueous onion extract or its skin, onion ethyl acetate fraction, and onion seed extract were used in the studies. In these studies, juice, extract, or onion itself was given orally in a period of time between 10 and 60 days. In one study, injection into the corpus cavernosum has been investigated (line 17 of Table 1).
CONCLUSION
The mechanisms by which onions are effective in the treatment of MSD are through by increasing testosterone (by increasing the production of LH, neutralizing free radicals by increasing strong antioxidant defense mechanisms such as antioxidant enzymes and glutathione in the testicles, improving insulin resistance, increasing the production of nitric oxide in cells. Leydig and changing the activity of protein kinase activated by AMP 5) as well as the treatment of erectile dysfunction and on the other hand improving the reproductive status with positive effects on sperm (number, survival, and motility) and the effects of onions against infectious agents in the male reproductive system.
Overall, there is evidence that onions can improve men's sexual problems and increase testosterone production. However, clinical trials are necessary to confirm this effect of onion in humans.
It is suggested to investigate the effects of onion extract with different doses in future studies to achieve the effect threshold, effective doses and possible side effects. Also, laboratory and clinical research is needed regarding the effects of this plant on women's sexual health.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
In this section, the code of ethics that has been approved by the research ethics committee of the university and, if necessary, the code of clinical practice should be given. It should also be announced that the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, including obtaining informed consent from the participants and the confidentiality of their information, have been observed.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper.
Male sexual dysfunction (MSD) can affect physical and mental health as well as marital relationships. There are different types of treatments for MSD and the success of the treatment depends on the underlying cause. Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and alcohol, increasing physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight can help improvement of erectile dysfunction. Counseling can also lead to resolve of psychological or emotional problems that may help to treat MSD. However, other treatment options may be needed for this disorder, including oral chemical drugs such as sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra), and tadalafil (Cialis), which are commonly prescribed for erectile dysfunction and produce an erection by increasing blood flow to the penis. (Krishnappa, Fernandez-Pascual et al. 2019). Testosterone replacement therapy may also be recommended for men with low testosterone levels, which can contribute to erectile dysfunction as well as decreased libido (Barbonetti, D'Andrea et al. 2020). However, due to its side effects, testosterone replacement therapy is not recommended as a first-line treatment for erectile dysfunction. These chemical treatments often have side effects that limit their use. On the other hand, oral treatments have often been effective in men with mild disorders, and about 35% of patients did not respond to these treatments. Therefore, complementary therapies for MSD, which include a wide range of alternative therapies, are growing. Some of these complementary therapies include herbal medicine, acupuncture, biofeedback, dietary supplements, and traditional Chinese medicine.
Ginkgo Biloba, Red Ginseng, and pollen (used in traditional Chinese medicine with the scientific name: Epimedium) are among the herbal medicines used for MSD. However, due to the growing areas, abundance and processing of these plants for medicinal use, these herbal medicines may not be easily available.
Since onion is one of the most well-known plant species that is frequently used in Middle Eastern and Indian diets, it has been a species of medical interest due to its many therapeutic benefits (Augusti 1996). Several studies have been conducted to confirm the effects expressed in traditional medicine regarding onions. One of the effects of onion that has been noticed is its effect on sexual problems, especially male impotence. The present study aimed to systematically review the published literature on the traditional uses, medicinal properties, and phytochemical compounds of onions regarding the improvement of men's sexual problems based on available scientific evidence. This review includes the effect of onion on erectile dysfunction as well as its effect on testosterone.
METHODS
The present study is a review study on the use of onions to improve men's sexual disorders. In order to identify studies conducted in English from 1990 to January 2023, search in databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar search engine were performed with keywords Allium cepa, Onion, Male sexual dysfunction, Erectile disorder, Libido, Men's sexual health, and Testosterone.
RESULTS
In the initial review, 79 articles were found, and by removing the same items (removing 23 items), checking the title and abstract of the articles (removing 28 items) and checking the full text (removing 11 items), finally 17 articles were reviewed in this study (Table 1).
Almost all studies on onion (15 out of 17 studies) were conducted on mouse models, especially male rats. Only one study has been conducted on healthy men (row 9 of Table 1). Onion products including fresh onion juice, aqueous onion extract or its skin, onion ethyl acetate fraction, and onion seed extract were used in the studies. In these studies, juice, extract, or onion itself was given orally in a period of time between 10 and 60 days. In one study, injection into the corpus cavernosum has been investigated (line 17 of Table 1).
CONCLUSION
The mechanisms by which onions are effective in the treatment of MSD are through by increasing testosterone (by increasing the production of LH, neutralizing free radicals by increasing strong antioxidant defense mechanisms such as antioxidant enzymes and glutathione in the testicles, improving insulin resistance, increasing the production of nitric oxide in cells. Leydig and changing the activity of protein kinase activated by AMP 5) as well as the treatment of erectile dysfunction and on the other hand improving the reproductive status with positive effects on sperm (number, survival, and motility) and the effects of onions against infectious agents in the male reproductive system.
Overall, there is evidence that onions can improve men's sexual problems and increase testosterone production. However, clinical trials are necessary to confirm this effect of onion in humans.
It is suggested to investigate the effects of onion extract with different doses in future studies to achieve the effect threshold, effective doses and possible side effects. Also, laboratory and clinical research is needed regarding the effects of this plant on women's sexual health.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
In this section, the code of ethics that has been approved by the research ethics committee of the university and, if necessary, the code of clinical practice should be given. It should also be announced that the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, including obtaining informed consent from the participants and the confidentiality of their information, have been observed.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper.
Table 1. Summary of studies conducted on onions and their reported effects on testosterone levels and male sexual dysfunction.
| No. | Reference | Country | Study population | Main result |
| 1. | Lines & Ono 2006 | USA | laboratory | Quercetin in onions is responsible for the strong PDE5A inhibitory activity (sildenafil-like action for the treatment of erectile dysfunction). |
| 2. | Khaki, Fathiazad et al. 2009 | Iran | Three groups of 10 rats | Fresh onion juice was effective on sperm health parameters (number, percentage of viability and motility). It also caused an increase in LH. |
| 3. | Gholamhosini, Khaki et al. 2009 | Iran | Three groups of 10 rats | Fresh onion juice increased sperm health parameters (number, motility and viability) and testosterone levels in diabetic rats. |
| 4. | Khaki, Farzadi et al. 2011 | Iran | Four groups of 10 rats | Fresh onion juice was able to neutralize the negative effect of Toxoplasma gondii on sperm health parameters and testosterone. |
| 5. | Ige and Akhigbe 2012 | Nigeria | Four groups of six rats | Onion extract increased LH hormone in healthy rats as well as rats exposed to aluminum. |
| 6. | Ige and Akhigbe 2013 | Nigeria | Three groups of 10 rats with one control group | Onion extract was able to restore the effect of cadmium toxicity on the liver, kidney, and protein and lipid profiles, improve the decrease in urine volume and renal clearance; But it had no effect on plasma testosterone. |
| 7. | Malviya, Jain et al. 2013 | India | Three groups of rats | Improvement of ejaculation in male rats with sexual dysfunction (induced by paroxetine) |
| 8. | Allouh, Daradka et al. 2014 | Jordan | Seven groups of 16 rats | Fresh onion juice improves mating behavior in rats with paroxetine-induced sexual dysfunction with increased testosterone. |
| 9. | Nakayama, Tanaka et al. 2017 | Japan | 60 healthy men aged 50-79y | Positive effect on the symptoms of aging in men (erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, hot flashes and sweating) |
| 10. | Chae, Kang et al. 2017 | Korea | laboratory | Quercetin is a potent activator of the Hv1 channel, has protective effects on sperm motility, and is a potential candidate as a new treatment for male infertility. |
| 11. | Khaki, Khaki et al. 2017 | Iran | Five groups of six rats | In rats poisoned with permethrin, onion showed a significant therapeutic effect on sperm parameters and also led to an increase in the number of Leydig cells. |
| 12. | Shahverdi, Khaki et al. 2017 | Iran | Four groups of eight rats | The number, motility and survival of sperm were significantly reduced in the group infected with Escherichia coli, while these effects were reduced in the group receiving onion juice. Onion juice significantly increased total antioxidant activity and testosterone levels. |
| 13. | Fallah, Mahabadi et al. 2017 | Iran | Four groups of 10 rats | Onion seed extract can be useful as a complementary protective factor against the adverse effects of diabetes on the reproductive system in diabetic men. |
| 14. | Shokoohi, Madarek et al. 2018 | Iran | 56 male and female rats (in four groups) | Onion juice can increase sperm quality and fertility after testicular torsion. |
| 15. | Uzozie Chikere and Daniel Eze 2020 | Uganda | Six groups of five rats | Onion extract with its strong antioxidant effects and with a dose-dependent pattern was able to improve testicular toxicity caused by paraquat poison. |
| 16. | Nassan, Soliman et al. 2021 | Saudi Arabia | Four groups of 10 rats | Onion extract can prevent dexamethasone-induced testicular damage in rats |
| 17. | Yilmaz-Oral, Onder et al. 2022 | Turkey | Two groups of five rats | Onion had positive effects on erectile function. |
Type of Study: Review Paper |
Subject:
Medicinal Plants
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