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Volume 14, Issue 1 (4-2024)
cmja 2024, 14(1): 29-37 |
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naderi A, saremi A, Afarinesh Khaki M R. The effect of 12 weeks of endurance training with sumac intake on the serum levels of nitric oxide and interleukin-1 beta in Alzheimer's male rats. cmja 2024; 14 (1) :29-37
URL: http://cmja.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-974-en.html
URL: http://cmja.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-974-en.html
1- Ph.D., Student in Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University Borujerd Branch, Borujerd, Iran
2- Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Physical Education, Arak University, Arak, Iran ,a-saremi@araku.ac.ir
3- Associate Professor, Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
2- Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Physical Education, Arak University, Arak, Iran ,
3- Associate Professor, Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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INTRODUCTION
Alzheimer's disease is the main cause of dementia and is quickly becoming one of the most expensive and deadly diseases of our time. (Afshar and Mousavi, 2018). Inflammation and oxidative stress are key factors that hurt the nervous system and contribute to Alzheimer's disease. However, exercise and sumac reduce oxidative stress and improve energy metabolism. The positive effects of exercise and sumac on various dimensions of Alzheimer's disease have been confirmed; however, according to the literature review, no study has been conducted on the interactive effect of exercise and sumac consumption. Therefore, the present study sought to assess the interactive effect of sumac alongside endurance exercise on the serum levels of nitric oxide and interleukin-1 beta in rats with Alzheimer's.
METHODS
This post-test experimental study was conducted on 35 Wistar male rats aged 8-10 weeks with an average weight of 230±30 g. The rats were randomly assigned to five groups of seven rats as follows: 1) healthy control group, 2) Alzheimer's group, 3) Alzheimer's with endurance exercise group, 4) Alzheimer's with sumac consumption group, 5) Alzheimer's with endurance exercise and sumac consumption group. One week after being placed in the study environment, Alzheimer's induction was performed, and the eight-way maze test was used to measure memory. Rats in the supplement group received sumac powder at a ratio of 10% for 12 weeks. Endurance training included swimming in water in a special pool for mice with dimensions of 80×50×50 cm, with a water wave maker at a temperature of 30-33 °C. The training period was 12 weeks and training sessions were held 5 days a week. Finally, 48 h after the completion of the intervention, the rats were anesthetized by sodium pentobarbital to measure their biochemical parameters. For this purpose, blood samples were obtained directly from their hearts in the amount of 5 cc and transferred to gel tubes. Afterward, the serum was separated using a centrifuge at 1,000 rpm for 4 min and transferred to a freezer with a temperature of -20 °C in a microtube. Interleukin-1 beta and nitric oxide were measured by ELISA according to manufacturer instructions. One-way analysis of variance and Dunntt's T3 tests were employed to compare the groups. All analyses were performed in SPSS software (version 29) and at a significance level of P<0.05.
RESULTS
The results of the one-way analysis of variance regarding the interleukin 1 variable showed a significant difference between the investigated groups (F=935.64 and P<0.001). Subsequently, after the performance of Dunntt's T3 follow-up test, it was observed that the level of interleukin-1 beta in the group of endurance training + sumac intake was significantly lower than those in the endurance training group (P=0.001), sumac group (P=0.001), Alzheimer's group (P=0.001), and healthy group (P=0.001). In addition, a significant difference was found between the investigated groups in terms of the amount of nitric oxide (F=88.00 and P<0.001). Subsequently, after the performance of Dunntt's T3 follow-up test, it was observed that the level of nitric oxide in the group of endurance training + sumac intake was significantly lower than those in the endurance training group (P=0.001), sumac group (P=0.001), Alzheimer's group (P=0.001), and healthy group (P=0.001).
CONCLUSION
The results showed that endurance exercise and sumac consumption were probably associated with the improvement of inflammatory factors in rats with Alzheimer's, and the combination of these two interventions doubled the positive effects. In fact, the findings suggested that exercise should be considered a non-pharmacological intervention in Alzheimer's prevention and even treatment. Usage of a strong antioxidant, such as sumac, along with aerobic exercise can have protective and reducing effects on factors related to inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. However, this research, like any other research, also faced some limitations, and one of the most important limitations of this study was the research subjects, which were laboratory animals. Moreover, the duration of the exercises was another limitation of this study. Reduction or increase in the frequency of training sessions within a week or change in the duration and intensity of sports training in each training session may also affect the results of this research; therefore, future researchers should consider these limitations in their investigations.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All procedures were performed following the rules set by the Institute of Laboratory Animal Research for taking care of and using lab animals, and also according to the reviewed guidelines of the Institute of Laboratory Animal Research for the care and use of laboratory animals and in accordance with the guidelines reviewed by the University Committee on the Use and Care of Animals at the Islamic Azad University of Borujerd Branch (Reference number: IR.IAU. B.REC.1402.022).
Funding
This study received no funding.
Authors’ Contributions
The writers worked together equally to come up with ideas and write the article. All the authors agreed on the content of the paper and accepted all parts of the work.
Conflict of Interest
None.
Acknowledgments
The authors' most profound appreciation goes to all those who gave scientific advice for this paper.
Alzheimer's disease is the main cause of dementia and is quickly becoming one of the most expensive and deadly diseases of our time. (Afshar and Mousavi, 2018). Inflammation and oxidative stress are key factors that hurt the nervous system and contribute to Alzheimer's disease. However, exercise and sumac reduce oxidative stress and improve energy metabolism. The positive effects of exercise and sumac on various dimensions of Alzheimer's disease have been confirmed; however, according to the literature review, no study has been conducted on the interactive effect of exercise and sumac consumption. Therefore, the present study sought to assess the interactive effect of sumac alongside endurance exercise on the serum levels of nitric oxide and interleukin-1 beta in rats with Alzheimer's.
METHODS
This post-test experimental study was conducted on 35 Wistar male rats aged 8-10 weeks with an average weight of 230±30 g. The rats were randomly assigned to five groups of seven rats as follows: 1) healthy control group, 2) Alzheimer's group, 3) Alzheimer's with endurance exercise group, 4) Alzheimer's with sumac consumption group, 5) Alzheimer's with endurance exercise and sumac consumption group. One week after being placed in the study environment, Alzheimer's induction was performed, and the eight-way maze test was used to measure memory. Rats in the supplement group received sumac powder at a ratio of 10% for 12 weeks. Endurance training included swimming in water in a special pool for mice with dimensions of 80×50×50 cm, with a water wave maker at a temperature of 30-33 °C. The training period was 12 weeks and training sessions were held 5 days a week. Finally, 48 h after the completion of the intervention, the rats were anesthetized by sodium pentobarbital to measure their biochemical parameters. For this purpose, blood samples were obtained directly from their hearts in the amount of 5 cc and transferred to gel tubes. Afterward, the serum was separated using a centrifuge at 1,000 rpm for 4 min and transferred to a freezer with a temperature of -20 °C in a microtube. Interleukin-1 beta and nitric oxide were measured by ELISA according to manufacturer instructions. One-way analysis of variance and Dunntt's T3 tests were employed to compare the groups. All analyses were performed in SPSS software (version 29) and at a significance level of P<0.05.
RESULTS
The results of the one-way analysis of variance regarding the interleukin 1 variable showed a significant difference between the investigated groups (F=935.64 and P<0.001). Subsequently, after the performance of Dunntt's T3 follow-up test, it was observed that the level of interleukin-1 beta in the group of endurance training + sumac intake was significantly lower than those in the endurance training group (P=0.001), sumac group (P=0.001), Alzheimer's group (P=0.001), and healthy group (P=0.001). In addition, a significant difference was found between the investigated groups in terms of the amount of nitric oxide (F=88.00 and P<0.001). Subsequently, after the performance of Dunntt's T3 follow-up test, it was observed that the level of nitric oxide in the group of endurance training + sumac intake was significantly lower than those in the endurance training group (P=0.001), sumac group (P=0.001), Alzheimer's group (P=0.001), and healthy group (P=0.001).
CONCLUSION
The results showed that endurance exercise and sumac consumption were probably associated with the improvement of inflammatory factors in rats with Alzheimer's, and the combination of these two interventions doubled the positive effects. In fact, the findings suggested that exercise should be considered a non-pharmacological intervention in Alzheimer's prevention and even treatment. Usage of a strong antioxidant, such as sumac, along with aerobic exercise can have protective and reducing effects on factors related to inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. However, this research, like any other research, also faced some limitations, and one of the most important limitations of this study was the research subjects, which were laboratory animals. Moreover, the duration of the exercises was another limitation of this study. Reduction or increase in the frequency of training sessions within a week or change in the duration and intensity of sports training in each training session may also affect the results of this research; therefore, future researchers should consider these limitations in their investigations.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All procedures were performed following the rules set by the Institute of Laboratory Animal Research for taking care of and using lab animals, and also according to the reviewed guidelines of the Institute of Laboratory Animal Research for the care and use of laboratory animals and in accordance with the guidelines reviewed by the University Committee on the Use and Care of Animals at the Islamic Azad University of Borujerd Branch (Reference number: IR.IAU. B.REC.1402.022).
Funding
This study received no funding.
Authors’ Contributions
The writers worked together equally to come up with ideas and write the article. All the authors agreed on the content of the paper and accepted all parts of the work.
Conflict of Interest
None.
Acknowledgments
The authors' most profound appreciation goes to all those who gave scientific advice for this paper.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Physiology
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