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Volume 16, Issue 1 (4-2026)
cmja 2026, 16(1): 0-0 |
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Panahzadeh F, Keshvari M. Swimming Exercise and Clove Oil: A Combined Approach to Improve Mitochondrial Function in an Animal Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. cmja 2026; 16 (1)
URL: http://cmja.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-1089-en.html
URL: http://cmja.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-1089-en.html
1- Assistant Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahab Danesh University, Qom, Iran , panahzade@shdu.ac.ir
2- Assistant Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
2- Assistant Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
Abstract: (87 Views)
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, and increased oxidative stress in hippocampal neurons. Non-pharmacological interventions such as physical activity and herbal compounds can enhance mitochondrial function; however, their combined effects remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of swimming exercise and clove oil on mitochondrial ATP levels in the hippocampus of model rats with Alzheimer’s.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to six groups: control, Alzheimer’s, Alzheimer’s+exercise, Alzheimer’s+clove, Alzheimer’s+exercise+clove, and healthy+exercise. The Alzheimer’s model was induced by intracerebroventricular injection of aggregated beta‑amyloid 1–42 (Aβ1–42) peptide into the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Swimming exercise was performed for three weeks (30 minutes daily, water temperature 32 ± 1°C). Clove oil containing 80% eugenol was administered orally at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight daily. At the end of the intervention, mitochondrial ATP levels were measured using the Abcam ATP Assay Kit. Data were analyzed after normality testing with the Shapiro–Wilk test, followed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test.
Results: Induction of Alzheimer’s disease significantly decreased hippocampal ATP levels (p<0.001). Both swimming exercise and clove oil alone significantly increased ATP compared to the Alzheimer’s group (p<0.01). The combined intervention exhibited a pronounced synergistic effect on ATP elevation (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Swimming exercise and clove oil may mitigate Alzheimer’s-induced reductions in ATP levels by improving mitochondrial function. These interventions could serve as complementary and safe approaches in managing neurodegenerative disorders.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to six groups: control, Alzheimer’s, Alzheimer’s+exercise, Alzheimer’s+clove, Alzheimer’s+exercise+clove, and healthy+exercise. The Alzheimer’s model was induced by intracerebroventricular injection of aggregated beta‑amyloid 1–42 (Aβ1–42) peptide into the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Swimming exercise was performed for three weeks (30 minutes daily, water temperature 32 ± 1°C). Clove oil containing 80% eugenol was administered orally at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight daily. At the end of the intervention, mitochondrial ATP levels were measured using the Abcam ATP Assay Kit. Data were analyzed after normality testing with the Shapiro–Wilk test, followed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test.
Results: Induction of Alzheimer’s disease significantly decreased hippocampal ATP levels (p<0.001). Both swimming exercise and clove oil alone significantly increased ATP compared to the Alzheimer’s group (p<0.01). The combined intervention exhibited a pronounced synergistic effect on ATP elevation (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Swimming exercise and clove oil may mitigate Alzheimer’s-induced reductions in ATP levels by improving mitochondrial function. These interventions could serve as complementary and safe approaches in managing neurodegenerative disorders.
Type of Study: Applicable |
Subject:
Medicinal Plants
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